If you are married to a Ghanaian you need to have been here for 5 years and have assets in Ghana like a property or investments. You also need the ID card and at least 6 months on your present resident's permit. You go to Immigration and purchase the necessary form and return it to them. You will need 2 people of good standing to vouch for you and to supply details of income and your marriage certificate. Then you wait. I submitted mine in August and have heard nothing yet but my resident's permit is till September so there is no urgency!
You go to Immigration and get the forms. You need basically the same things as for the permanent residency except you don't need property etc. You just need your ID, your marriage certificate and photos. They give you one year first and then after that you can get two or three years. Remember though unlike permanent residency you won't be allowed to work
Just go to immigration and get the forms, fill them in and get the necessary documentation. It will tell you what is needed. Then submit it. You can get your ID card at immigration too and you will need that. It is called a Foreign Nationals ID card.
Not sure about a residency visa if you are not married to a Ghanaian as they are usually together with a work permit. Go to immigration they will advise you. If you are talking about the indefinite visa which is really permanent residency I think the paperwork is the same but you have to be here 10 years